13.13. OOP Methods and Attributes¶

Methods are functions in the class
First argument is always instance (self)
While calling function you never pass self
Prevents copy-paste code
Improves readability
Improves refactoring
Decomposes bigger problem into smaller chunks

Syntax:

>>> class MyClass:
...     def __init__(self):
...         self.myfield = 'some value'
...
...     def mymethod(self):
...         return self.myfield
>>>
>>>
>>> my = MyClass()
>>> my.mymethod()
'some value'

13.13.1. Methods Accessing Fields¶

Methods Accessing Fields:

>>> class Astronaut:
...     def __init__(self, name):
...         self.name = name
...
...     def say_hello(self):
...         return f'My name... {self.name}'
>>>
>>>
>>> jose = Astronaut('José Jiménez')
>>> jose.say_hello()
'My name... José Jiménez'

self.name must be defined before accessing:

>>> class Astronaut:
...     def say_hello(self):
...         return f'My name... {self.name}'
>>>
>>>
>>> jose = Astronaut()
>>> jose.say_hello()
Traceback (most recent call last):
AttributeError: 'Astronaut' object has no attribute 'name'

13.13.2. Methods Calling Other Methods¶

Methods Calling Other Methods:

>>> class Astronaut:
...     def get_name(self):
...         return 'José Jiménez'
...
...     def say_hello(self):
...         name = self.get_name()
...         return f'My name... {name}'
>>>
>>>
>>> jose = Astronaut()
>>> jose.say_hello()
'My name... José Jiménez'

Methods calling other methods:

>>> class Iris:
...     def __init__(self):
...         self.sepal_length = 5.1
...         self.sepal_width = 3.5
...         self.petal_length = 1.4
...         self.petal_width = 0.2
...
...     def sepal_area(self):
...         return self.sepal_length * self.sepal_width
...
...     def petal_area(self):
...         return self.petal_length * self.petal_width
...
...     def total_area(self):
...         return self.sepal_area() + self.petal_area()
>>>
>>>
>>> flower = Iris()
>>> flower.total_area()
18.13

Since Python 3.7 there is a @dataclass decorator, which automatically generates __init__() method with arguments and set-up fields for you. More information in OOP Dataclass.

>>> from dataclasses import dataclass
>>>
>>>
>>> @dataclass
... class Iris:
...     sepal_length = 5.1
...     sepal_width = 3.5
...     petal_length = 1.4
...     petal_width = 0.2
...     species: str = 'Iris'
...
...     def sepal_area(self):
...         return self.sepal_length * self.sepal_width
...
...     def petal_area(self):
...         return self.petal_length * self.petal_width
...
...     def total_area(self):
...         return self.sepal_area() + self.petal_area()
>>>
>>>
>>> flower = Iris()
>>> flower.total_area()
18.13

13.13.3. Examples¶

>>> class Point:
...     def __init__(self, x, y, z):
...         self.x = x
...         self.y = y
...         self.z = z
...
...     def get_coordinates(self):
...         return self.x, self.y, self.z
...
...     def show(self):
...         return f'Point(x={self.x}, y={self.y}, z={self.z})'
>>>
>>>
>>> point = Point(x=1, y=2, z=3)
>>>
>>> vars(point)
{'x': 1, 'y': 2, 'z': 3}
>>>
>>> point.get_coordinates()
(1, 2, 3)
>>>
>>> point.show()
'Point(x=1, y=2, z=3)'

13.13.4. Use Case - 0x01¶

>>> class Counter:
...     current_value: int
...
...     def __init__(self):
...         self.current_value = 0
...
...     def increment(self):
...         self.current_value += 1
...
...     def decrement(self):
...         self.current_value -= 1
...         if self.current_value < 0:
...             raise ValueError('Cannot decrement below zero')
...
...     def show(self):
...         return self.current_value
>>>
>>>
>>> c = Counter()
>>>
>>> c.increment()
>>> c.increment()
>>> c.show()
2
>>>
>>> c.decrement()
>>> c.decrement()
>>> c.show()
0
>>>
>>> c.decrement()
Traceback (most recent call last):
ValueError: Cannot decrement below zero

13.13.5. Use Case - 0x02¶

>>> from typing import Literal
>>>
>>>
>>> class Car:
...     engine: Literal['on', 'off']
...
...     def __init__(self):
...         self.engine = 'off'
...
...     def engine_start(self):
...         self.engine = 'on'
...
...     def engine_stop(self):
...         self.engine = 'off'
...
...     def drive_to(self, location: str):
...         if self.engine != 'on':
...             raise RuntimeError('Engine must be turned on to drive')
...         else:
...             return f'Driving to {location}'
>>>
>>>
>>> maluch = Car()
>>>
>>> maluch.drive_to('Cologne, Germany')
Traceback (most recent call last):
RuntimeError: Engine must be turned on to drive
>>>
>>> maluch.engine
'off'
>>>
>>> maluch.engine_start()
>>> maluch.engine
'on'
>>>
>>> maluch.drive_to('Cologne, Germany')
'Driving to Cologne, Germany'
>>>
>>> maluch.engine_stop()
>>> maluch.engine
'off'

13.13.6. Use Case - 0x03¶

Documentation: https://atlassian-python-api.readthedocs.io
Source Code: https://github.com/atlassian-api/atlassian-python-api
Examples: https://github.com/atlassian-api/atlassian-python-api/tree/master/examples

$ pip install atlassian-python-api

>>> 
... from atlassian import Jira
...
... jira = Jira(
...     url='https://example.com:8080',
...     username='myusername',
...     password='mypassword')
...
... JQL = 'project = DEMO AND status IN ("To Do", "In Progress") ORDER BY issuekey'
...
... result = jira.jql(JQL)
... print(result)

>>> 
... from atlassian import Confluence
...
... confluence = Confluence(
...     url='https://example.com:8090',
...     username='myusername',
...     password='mypassword')
...
... result = confluence.create_page(
...     space='DEMO',
...     title='This is the title',
...     body='This is the body. You can use <strong>HTML tags</strong>!')
...
... print(result)

13.13.7. Assignments¶

Code 13.20. Solution¶

"""
* Assignment: OOP Method Sequence
* Required: yes
* Complexity: easy
* Lines of code: 9 lines
* Time: 8 min

English:
    1. Create class `Iris` with `features: list[float]` and `label: str` fields
    2. For each row in `DATA` create `Iris` instance with row values
    3. Set class attributes at the initialization from positional arguments
    4. Create method which sums values of all `features`
    5. In `result` gather species and sum of each row
    6. Run doctests - all must succeed

Polish:
    1. Stwórz klasę `Iris` z polami `features: list[float]` i `label: str`
    2. Dla każdego wiersza w `DATA` twórz instancję `Iris` z danymi z wiersza
    3. Ustaw atrybuty klasy przy inicjalizacji z argumentów pozycyjnych
    4. Stwórz metodę sumującą wartości wszystkich `features`
    5. W `result` zbieraj nazwę gatunku i sumę z każdego wiersza
    6. Uruchom doctesty - wszystkie muszą się powieść

Tests:
    >>> import sys; sys.tracebacklimit = 0

    >>> result  # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
    {'setosa': 9.4,
     'versicolor': 16.299999999999997,
     'virginica': 19.3}
"""

DATA = [
    (4.7, 3.2, 1.3, 0.2, 'setosa'),
    (7.0, 3.2, 4.7, 1.4, 'versicolor'),
    (7.6, 3.0, 6.6, 2.1, 'virginica'),
]

result = {}

Code 13.21. Solution¶

"""
* Assignment: OOP Method Nested
* Required: yes
* Complexity: medium
* Lines of code: 17 lines
* Time: 13 min

English:
    1. Define class `Iris`
    2. `Iris` has:
        a. "Sepal length" type `float`
        b. "Sepal width" type `float`
        c. "Petal length" type `float`
        d. "Petal width" type `float`
        e. "Species" type `str`
    3. `Iris` can:
        a. Return number of `float` type attributes
        b. Return list of all `float` type attributes
        c. Return sum of values of all `float` type attributes
        d. Return mean of all `float` type attributes
    4. Use `vars(self)` iteration to return values of numeric fields
    5. Create `setosa` object with attributes set at the initialization
    6. Create `virginica` object with attributes set at the initialization
    7. Method `.show()` returns sum, mean and species name, example:
       a. 'total=10.20 mean=2.55 setosa'
       b. 'total=15.50 mean=3.88 virginica'
    8. Do not use `@dataclass`
    9. Run doctests - all must succeed

Polish:
    1. Zdefiniuj klasę `Iris`
    2. `Iris` ma:
        a. "Sepal length" typu `float`
        b. "Sepal width" typu `float`
        c. "Petal length" typu `float`
        d. "Petal width" typu `float`
        e. "Species" typu `str`
    3. `Iris` może:
        a. Zwrócić liczbę pól typu `float`
        b. Zwrócić listę wartości wszystkich pól typu `float`
        c. Zwrócić sumę wartości pól typu `float`
        d. Zwrócić średnią arytmetyczną wartość pól typu `float`
    4. Użyj iterowania po `vars(self)` do zwrócenia wartości pól numerycznych
    7. Method `.show()` returns sumę, średnią oraz nazwę gatunku, przykład:
       a. 'total=10.20 mean=2.55 setosa'
       b. 'total=15.50 mean=3.88 virginica'
    8. Nie używaj `@dataclass`
    9. Uruchom doctesty - wszystkie muszą się powieść

Hints:
    * `type(value) is float`
    * `vars(self).values()`
    * `{total=:.2f}`
    * `{mean=:.2f}`

Tests:
    >>> import sys; sys.tracebacklimit = 0

    >>> setosa = Iris(5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.2, 'setosa')
    >>> virginica = Iris(5.8, 2.7, 5.1, 1.9, 'virginica')

    >>> setosa.show()
    'total=10.20 mean=2.55 setosa'
    >>> virginica.show()
    'total=15.50 mean=3.88 virginica'
"""


class Iris:
    def __init__(self, sepal_length, sepal_width,
                 petal_length, petal_width, species):
        self.sepal_length = sepal_length
        self.sepal_width = sepal_width
        self.petal_length = petal_length
        self.petal_width = petal_width
        self.species = species

    def features(self):
        return [x for x in vars(self).values() if type(x) is float]